15,000 B.C.
Ancient people revere healers who are known as Witches, who practice magic
2000 BC
Babylon's Code of Hammurabi instructs, "If a man has laid a charge of witchcraft and has not justified it, he upon whom the witchcraft is laid shall go to the holy river; he shall plunge into the holy river and if the holy river overcome him, he who accused him shall take to himself his house."
3rd cent. AD
Under the pre-Christian Roman Empire, punishment of burning alive was enacted by the State against witches who brought about another person's death through their enchantments.
306 AD
The Christian Council of Elvira (Canon 6) refuses last rites to those who had killed a man by a magical spell because such a crime could not be effected "without idolatry" (i.e. the help of the devil).
313
Conversion of Emperor Constantine; Christianity is granted official toleration by the Roman Empire.
Canon 24 of the Council of Ancyra imposes five years of penance upon those who consult magicians. Here, the offence lies in participation in paganism.
383
Priscillian of Avila was executed. He was accused of Manichaeism, but the official reason for burning him was witchcraft.
600A.D.
Christian Pope Gregory The Great proclaims “all gods of the heathens are Demons”
785
The Council of Paderborn rules that sorcerers are to be reduced to serfdom and made over to the service of the Church.
Prior to the 9th century CE:
There was a widespread popular belief that evil Witches existed. They were seen as evil persons, primarily women, who devoted their lives to harming and killing others through black magic and evil sorcery. The Catholic church at the time officially taught that such Witches did not exist. It was a heresy to say that they were real. "For example, the 5th century Synod of St. Patrick ruled that 'A Christian who believes that there is a vampire in the world, that is to say, a witch, is to be anathematized; whoever lays that reputation upon a living being shall not be received into the Church until he revokes with his own voice the crime that he has committed.' A capitulary from Saxony (775-790 CE) blamed these stereotypes on pagan belief systems: 'If anyone, deceived by the Devil, believes after the manner of the Pagans that any man or woman is a witch and eats men, and if on this account he burns [the alleged witch]... he shall be punished by capital sentence."
906
The document De ecclesiasticis disciplinis ascribed to Regino of Prüm describes popular notions of witchcraft and states it is the duty of priests to "instruct the people that these things are absolutely untrue and that such imaginings are planted in the minds of misbelieving folk, not by a Divine spirit, but by the spirit of evil."
906
Canon Eposcopi, a collection of church laws, appeared. It declared that belief in witchcraft was heretical.
906 CE:
Regino of Prum, the Abbot of Treves, wote the Canon Episcopi. It reinforced the church's teaching that Witches did not exist. It admitted that some confused and deluded women thought that they flew through the air with the Pagan Goddess Diana. But this did not happen in reality; it was explained away as some form of hallucination.
Circa 975 CE:
Penalties for Witchcraft and the use of healing magic were relatively mild. The English Confessional of Egbert said, in part: "If a woman works witchcraft and enchantment and [uses] magical philters, she shall fast for twelve months...If she kills anyone by her philters, she shall fast for seven years." Fasting, in this case, involved consuming only bread and water.
1022
A group of pious and ascetic mystics who denied key tenets of Christianity were burned as witches in Orleans. Contemporary Christian writers branded them as Devil worshippers who indulged in sex orgies and the murder of children - standard accusations for all dissident groups at the time.
1080
Pope Gregory VII writes a letter to King Harold of Denmark forbidding witches to be put to death upon presumption of their having caused storms, failure of crops or pestilence.
Circa 1140:
Gratian, an Italian monk, incorporated the Canon Episcopi into canon law.
1141
Hugh of St. Victor wrote Didascalicon, which included a strong denunciation of using or studying magic: Magic was not accepted as part of philosophy, but stands with a false claim outside it; the mistress of every form of iniquity and malice, lying about the truth and truly infecting men's minds, it seduces them from divine religion, prompts them from the cult of demons, fosters corruption of morals, and impels the minds of its devotees to every wicked and criminal indulgence. ... Sorcerers were those who, with demonic incantations or amulets or any other execrable types of remedies, by the cooperation of the devils or by evil instinct, perform wicked things.
1200
Christianity hasw replaced traditional religions, which Christians call paganism
circa 1203:
The Cathar movement, a Gnostic Christian group, had become popular in the Orleans area of France and in Italy. They were declared heretics. Pope Innocent III approved a war of genocide against the Cathars. The last known Cathar was burned at the stake in 1321 CE. The faith has seen a rebirth in recent years.
1225
In Germany, the secular law code "Sachsenspiegel" designated death by fire as the proper punishment for witchcraft.
1227:
Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisitional Courts to arrest, try, convict and execute heretics.
1231
Conrad of Marburg was appointed as the first Inquisitor of Germany, setting a pattern of persecution. In his reign of terror, he claimed to have uncovered many nests of "Devil worshippers" and adopted the motto of: We would gladly burn a hundred if just one of them was guilty.
1233
Pope Gregory IX proclaimed Conrad of Marburg a champion of Christendom and promoted his findings in the Papal Bull Vox in Rama.
1252:
Pope Innocent III authorized the use of torture during inquisitional trials. This greatly increased the conviction rate.
1265:
Pope Clement IV reaffirms the use of torture.
1258
Pope Alexander IV declared that Inquisitors should not concern themselves with divination, but only those which "manifestly savored of heresy."
1258
Pope Alexander IV instructs, "The Inquisitors, deputed to investigate heresy, must not intrude into investigations of divination or sorcery without knowledge of manifest heresy involved." "Manifest heresy" is defined as: "praying at the altars of idols, to offer sacrifices, to consult demons, to elicit responses from them... or associate themselves publicly with heretics."
1275
The first "witch" is burned to death after judicial sentence of an inquisitor, in Toulouse, France. Her name was Hugues de Baniol and she "confessed" to having given birth to a monster after intercourse with an evil spirit and to having nourished it with babies' flesh which she procured in her nocturnal expeditions.
1280
First appearance of images of a witch riding a broom.
1320
Pope John XXII authorized the Inquisition to began persecuting sorcery and witchcraft.
1324 - 1325
Lady Alice Kyteler, her son and associates in Kilkenny, Ireland, were tried for witchcraft. For the first time, stories of mating with demons were linked with stories of pacts with Satan. Lady Alice escaped to England, but others were burned.
1326:
The Church authorized the Inquisition to investigate Witchcraft and to develop "demonology," the theory of the diabolic origin of Witchcraft.
1300-30
Beginning of the witch trials in Europe.
1330:
The popular concept of Witches as evil sorcerers is expanded to include belief that they swore allegiance to Satan, had sexual relations with the Devil, kidnapped and ate children, etc.
1334
Large-scale witch trial in Toulouse, France, in which 63 persons were accused. Of these, eight were handed over to the state to be burned and the rest were imprisoned.
1347 to 1349:
The Black Death epidemic killed a sizeable part of the European population. Conspiracy theories spread. Lepers, Jews, Muslims and Witches were accused of poisoning wells and spreading disease.
1374
Pope Gregory XI declares that all magic is done with the aid of demons and thus is open to prosecution for heresy.
1398
The theology faculty at the University of Paris declared that all forms of magic or divination involved some sort of pact with the devil and were thus heresy, justifying the persecution of every possible sort of witchcraft.
1400
Peter de Gruyères, a secular judge, carries out large-scale witch trials in Bern, Switzerland.
1428
Witch trials of Brianqon took place in the Dauphine. About 167 local people were burned as witches between 1428 and 1450.
1430's:
Christian theologians started to write articles and books which "proved" the existence of Witches.
1431
Trial of Joan of Arc took place and included allegations of witchcraft.
1435-50
Number of witch trails rises sharply.
1436-7:
Johannes (John) Niderwrote a book called Formicarius, which describe the prosecution of a man for Witchcraft. Copies of this book were often added to the Malleus Maleficarum in later years. Some sources say that the author Thomas of Brabant; this is apparently an error.
1440
Notorious trial of Gilles de Rais, who was accused of witchcraft and debaucheries.
1450:
The first major witch hunts began in many western European countries. The Roman Catholic Church created an imaginary evil religion, using stereotypes that had circulated since pre-Christian times. They said that Pagans who worshiped Diana and other Gods and Goddesses were evil Witches who kidnapped babies, killed and ate their victims, sold their soul to Satan, were in league with demons, flew through the air, met in the middle of the night, caused male impotence and infertility, caused male genitals to disappear, etc. Historians have speculated that this religiously inspired genocide was motivated by a desire by the Church to attain a complete religious monopoly, or was "a tool of repression, a form of reining-in deviant behavior, a backlash against women, or a tool of the common people to name scapegoats for spoiled crops, dead livestock or the death of babies and children." Walter Stephens, a professor of Italian studies at Johns Hopkins University, proposes a new theory: "I think Witches were a scapegoat for God." 3 Religious leaders felt that they had to retain the concepts of both an omnipotent and an all-loving deity. Thus, they had to invent Witches and demons in order to explain the existence of evil in the world. This debate, about how an all-good and all-powerful God can coexist in the world with evil is now called Theodicy. Debate continues to the present day.
1450:
Johann Gutenberg invented moveable type which made mass printing possible. This enabled the wide distribution of Papal bulls and books on Witch persecution; the witch hunt was greatly facilitated.
1484
Pope Innocent VIII publishes the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ("Desiring with the Greatest Ardor") condemning witchcraft as Satanism, the worst of all possible heresies. The bull also officially grants Heinrich Krämer and James Sprenger, Dominican inquisitors, the right to prosecute persons of any class or any form of crime. Pope Innocent VIII issued a papal bull "Summis desiderantes" on DEC-5 which promoted the tracking down, torturing and executing of Satan worshipers
1486
Heinrich Krämer and Jacob Sprenger publish Malleus maleficarum ("The Hammer of Witches"), a learned but misogynistic book blaming witchcraft chiefly on women. It was reprinted many times thanks to the newly-invented printing press and was a major influence on the witch-hunt hysteria of the next two centuries. It was regarded as the standard handbook on witchcraft until well into the 18th century.
1486-1487:
Institoris (Heinrich Kraemer) and Jacob Sprenger published the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer). It is a fascinating study of the authors' misogyny and sexual frustration. It describes the activities of Witches, the methods of extracting confessions. It was later abandoned by the Church, but became the "bible" of those secular courts which tried Witches.
1488
Papal Bull was issued, calling upon European nations to rescue the church because it was "imperiled by the arts of Satan."
1490 King Charles VIII issued an edict against fortunetellers, enchanters, necromancers and others engaging in any sort of witchcraft
1500:
During the 14th century, there had been known 38 trials against Witches and sorcerers in England, 95 in France and 80 in Germany. 4 The witch hunts accelerated. "By choosing to give their souls over to the devil witches had committed crimes against man and against God. The gravity of this double crime classified witchcraft as crimen exceptum, and allowed for the suspension of normal rules of evidence in order to punish the guilty." 7 Children's testimony was accepted. Essentially unlimited torture was applied to obtain confessions. The flimsiest circumstantial evidence was accepted as proof of guilt.
1508
Mass witch trials in Biarn occurred.
1517:
Martin Luther is commonly believed to have nailed his 95 theses on the cathedral door at Wittenburg, Germany. Apparently it never happened; he published his arguments in a less dramatic way. This triggered the Protestant Reformation. In Roman Catholic countries, the courts continue to burn witches. In Protestant lands, they were mainly hung. Some Protestant countries did not allow torture. In England, this lack of torture led to a low conviction rate of only 19%.
1529
Inquisitorial witchcraft trials took place at Luxeuil.
Circa 1550 to 1650 CE:
Trials and executions reached a peak during these ten decades, which are often referred to as the "burning times." They were mostly concentrated in eastern France, Germany and Switzerland. Witch persecutions often occurred in areas where Catholics and Protestants were fighting. Contrary to public opinion, suspected witches -- particularly those involved in evil sorcery -- were mainly tried by secular courts. A minority were charged by church authorities; these were often cases involving the use of healing magic or midwifery.
1530s
Prosecutions for witchcraft begin in Mexico.
1532
The penal code Carolina decrees that sorcery throughout the German empire should be treated as a criminal offence, and if it injured any person, the witch was to be burned at the stake.
1532
Declaration of the Carolina Code in Germany which imposed the penalties of torture and death for witchcraft. This code was technically adopted by the 300-odd small independent states which comprise the Holy Roman Empire.
1542
Henry VIII issued a statute against witchcraft.
1547
Repeal of statute of 1542 during the reign of Edward VI.
Circa 1550 to 1650 CE:
Trials and executions reached a peak during these ten decades, which are often referred to as the "burning times." They were mostly concentrated in eastern France, Germany and Switzerland. Witch persecutions often occurred in areas where Catholics and Protestants were fighting. Contrary to public opinion, suspected witches -- particularly those involved in evil sorcery -- were mainly tried by secular courts. A minority were charged by church authorities; these were often cases involving the use of healing magic or midwifery.
1563
Queen Elizabeth issued a statute against witchcraft.
Johan Weyer wrote De Praestigiis Daemonum. This book described his belief that witches were just mentally disturbed old women and that it was the belief in witches which was caused by Satan. He was forced to leave the Netherlands and his book was denounced by Jean Bodin.
1563
Council of Trent resolved to win back Germany from Protestantism to the Catholic Church; intensification of religious struggles and persecutions results.
1563:
Johann Weyer (b. 1515) published a book which was critical of the Witch trials. Called "De Praestigiis Daemonum" (Shipwreck of souls), it argued that Witches did not really exist, but that Satan promoted the belief that they did. He rejected confessions obtained through torture as worthless. He recommended medical treatment instead of torture and execution. By publishing the book anonymously, he escaped the stake.
1566
The first Chelmsford witch trials. This trial was the first to appear in a secular court in England and resulted in the first woman being hanged for witchcraft, Agnes Waterhouse. This trial also produced the first chapbook, or tabloid newspaper, relating to witchcraft.
1572
The Protestant ruler of Saxony imposes the penalty of burning for witchcraft of every kind, including fortune-telling.
1579
The Windsor witch trials; also the second Chelmsford trials.
1580-1630
Period in which witch-hunts are most severe.
1580
Jean Bodin, a French judge, published Daemonomanie des Sorciers condemning witches. According to Bodin, those denying the existence of witches were actually witches themselves.
1580:
Jean Bodin wrote "De la Demonomanie des Sorciers" (Of the punishments deserved by Witches). He stated that the punishment of Witches was required, both for the security of the state and to appease the wrath of God. No accused Witch should be set free if there is even a scrap of evidence that she might be guilty. If prosecutors waited for solid evidence, he felt that not one Witch in a million would be punished.
1582
St. Osyth Witches of Essex (case tried at Chelmsford).
1583
121 persons are burned as witches over three months in Osnabruck, Germany.
1584:
Reginald Scot published a book that was ahead of its time. In Discoverie of Witchcraft, he claimed that supernatural powers did not exist. Thus, there were no Witches.
1584
Publication of Discovery of Witchcraft by the skeptic Reginald Scot who argued that witches might not exist after all.
1589
Third Chelmsford witch trials.
1589
Fourteen convicted witches at Tours appealed to King Henry III, who was in turn accused of protecting witches.
1590
Witch trials in North Berwick, Scotland.
1590
William V began a witch hunt in Bavaria.
The North Berwick witch trials began when an alleged coven of witches was exposed in 1590-91, resulting in Scotland's most celebrated witch trials and executions. King James VI (who became James I of England), a devout believer in witches, even took part in the proceedings. The torture applied to the victims was among the most brutal in Scotland's entire history of witchcraft prosecution.
1592
Father Cornelius Loos wrote of those arrested and accused of witchcraft: Wretched creatures were compelled by the severity of the torture to confess things they have never done... and so by the cruel butchery innocent lives were taken; and, by a new alchemy, gold and silver are coined from human blood.
1593
Warboys witches of Huntingdon were put on trial.
1597
Publication of Demonology by James VI of Scotland (later James I of England).
1597
Case of the Burton Boy (Thomas Darling) in Staffordshire.
1604
James I released his statute against witchcraft, in which he wrote that they were "loathe to confess without torture."
1604
Case of the Northwich Boy.
1605
Abingdon witches and Anne Gunter.
1608:
Francesco Maria Guazzo published the "Compendium Maleficarum." It discusses Witches' pacts with Satan, the magic that Witches use to harm others, etc.
circa 1609:
A witch panic hit the Basque areas of Spain. La Suprema, the governing body of the Inquisition, recognized it as a hoax and issued an Edict of Silence which prohibited discussion of witchcraft. The panic quickly died down.
1609
In response to a witch panic in the Basque region, La Suprema (the ruling body of the Spanish Inquisition) issues an "Edict of Silence" forbidding all discussion of witchcraft. For, as one inquisitor noted, "There were neither witches nor bewitched until they were talked and written about."
1610:
Execution of Witches in the Netherlands ceased, probably because of Weyer's 1563 book
1612
Lancashire witch trials.
1616:
A second witch craze broke out in Vizcaya. Again an Edict of Silence was issued by the Inquisition. But the king overturned the Edict and 300 accused witches were burned alive.
1616
Case of the Leicester Boy (John Smith).
1618
Start of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) during which the witch hunt throughout Germany was at its height.
1620
Case of the Bilson Boy (William Perry).
1625
Start of general decline of witch trials in France.
1628
Trial of Johannes Junius, mayor of Bamberg, for witchcraft.
1631:
Friedrich Spee von Langenfield, a Jesuit priest, wrote "Cautio criminalis" (Circumspection in Criminal Cases). He condemned the witch hunts and persecution in Wurzburg, Germany. He wrote that the accused confessed only because they were the victims of sadistic tortures.
1631
The Jesuit Friedrich von Spee publishes Cautio criminalis against the witch craze
1631
Publication of Cautio Criminalis by Friedrich von Spee, opposing the witch hunt.
1632
Death of the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg marked the end of the persecutions in this principality (1609-1632).
1641:
English law makes witchcraft a capital crime.
1645
Case of the Faversham witches, Kent Witchfinder-general Matthew Hopkins and the Chelmsford (or Manningtree) witch trials.
1646
Death of Matthew Hopkins from tuberculosis.
1647
First hanging for witchcraft in New England.
1647
Publication of Discovery of Witches by Matthew Hopkins.
1649
Case of the St. Albans witches, Hertfordshire.
1652
"Dr. Lamb's Darling": the trial of Anne Bodenham and the trial of the Wapping Witch (Joan Peterson) near London.
1655
Last execution for witchcraft in Cologne (where persecution was already less severe).
1662
The Bury St. Edmunds witch trials.
1668-76
Outbreak of witch-hunts in Sweden.
November 1668 Rev. Samuel Parris preaches in Salem for the first time.
1670
Rouen witch trials.
1674
Trial of Anne Foster in Northampton.
1679 - 1682
The notorious Chanibre d'ardente affair: Louis XIV's star chamber investigated poison plots and heared evidence of widespread corruption and witchcraft. More than 300 people were arrested and 36 executed. The affair ended with a royal edict which denied the reality of witchcraft and sorcery.
1684:
England declares that the colonies may not self-govern.
1684:
The last accused Witch was executed in England.
1684
Last execution for witchcraft in England (Alice Molland at Exeter).
1688:
Following an argument with laundress Goody Glover, Martha Goodwin, 13, begins exhibiting bizarre behavior. Days later her younger brother and two sisters exhibit similar behavior. Glover is arrested and tried for bewitching the Goodwin children. Reverend Cotton Mather meets twice with Glover following her arrest in an attempt to persuade her to repent her witchcraft. Glover is hanged. Mather takes Martha Goodwin into his house. Her bizarre behavior continues and worsens.
1688:
Mather publishes Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions
June 18, 1689
Samuel Parris is officially hired as Salem Village's minister.
November, 1689:
Samuel Parris is named the new minister of Salem. Parris moves to Salem from Boston, where Memorable Providence was published.
1690's: Nearly 25 people died during the witch craze in Salem, MA: one was pressed to death with weights because he wouldn't enter a plea; some died in prison, the rest were hanged. 5 There were other trials and executions throughout New England.
October 16, 1691:
Villagers vow to drive Parris out of Salem and stop contributing to his salary.
October 1691
Joseph Porter, Joseph Hutchinson, Joseph Putnam, Daniel Andrew
and Francis Nurse become the elected majority to the Salem
Village committee.
1692
Between May and October, 19 people are tried and hanged as witches in Salem, Massachusetts.
January 20, 1692
Samuel Parris' nine year old daughter, Betty, falls ill; more young girls in Salem Village also fall ill.
February 1692
The Salem Village physician, Dr. William Griggs, concludes that
the girls are bewitched
January 20, 1692:
Eleven-year old Abigail Williams and nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris begin behaving much as the Goodwin children acted four years earlier. Soon Ann Putnam Jr. and other Salem girls begin acting similarly.
Mid-February, 1692:
Doctor Griggs, who attends to the "afflicted" girls, suggests that witchcraft may be the cause of their strange behavior.
February 1692 The Salem Village physician, Dr. William Griggs, concludes that the girls are bewitched
February 25, 1692:
Tituba, at the request of neighbor Mary Sibley, bakes a "witch cake" and feeds it to a dog. According to an English folk remedy, feeding a dog this kind of cake, which contained the urine of the afflicted, would counteract the spell put on Elizabeth and Abigail. The reason the cake is fed to a dog is because the dog is believed a "familiar" of the Devil.
February 25, 1692
Parris's servant, Tituba, and her husband ,John Indian, are advised by Mary Sibley to bake a witch cake. She hopes the cake will help the girls identify the person(s) who are bewitching them.
Late-February, 1692:
Pressured by ministers and townspeople to say who caused her odd behavior, Elizabeth identifies Tituba. The girls later accuse Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne of witchcraft.
February 29, 1692
Thomas and Edward Putnam, Joseph Hutchinson and Thomas
Preston swear complaints against Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah
Osborne. They are later arrested for suspicion of witchcraft.
February 29, 1692:
Arrest warrants are issued for Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne.
March 1, 1692:
Magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin examine Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne for "witches teats." Tituba confesses to practicing witchcraft and confirms Good and Osborne are her co- conspirators.
March 1, 1692
Salem Town Magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin
March 1, 1692
Tituba confesses to witchraft
March 7, 1692
Sarah Osborn, Sarah Good and Tituba are sent to a Boston prison.
March 11, 1692:
Ann Putnam Jr. shows symptoms of affliction by witchcraft. Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Mary Warren later allege affliction as well.
March 12, 1692:
Ann Putnam Jr. accuses Martha Cory of witchcraft.
March 14, 1692
Martha Corey is summoned to appear before the magistrates and
answer questions.
March 19. 1692:
Abigail Williams denounces Rebecca Nurse as a witch.
March 19, 1692
A warrant is issued for Martha Corey's arrest.
March 19, 1692
Rebecca Nurse is accused of witchcraft by Abigail Williams.
March 21, 1692:
Magistrates Hathorne and Corwin examine Martha Cory.
March 21, 1692 Martha Corey's hearing begins.
March 23, 1692: Salem Marshal Deputy Samuel Brabrook arrests four-year-old Dorcas Good.
March 23, 1692
Edward and Jonathan Putnam file complaints against Rebecca
Nurse.
March 24, 1692:
Corwin and Hathorne examine Rebecca Nurse.
March 24, 1692
Rebecca Nurse appears before the Salem Magistrates.
March 26, 1692:
Hathorne and Corwin interrogate Dorcas.
March 28, 1692:
Elizabeth Proctor is accused of witchcraft.
March 28, 1692
One of the afflicted girls, possibly Mercy Lewis, accuses Elizabeth
Proctor of witchcraft.
April 3, 1692:
Sarah Cloyce, after defending her sister, Rebecca Nurse, is
accused of witchcraft.
April 4, 1692
Jonathan Walcott and Nathaniel Ingersoll file complaints against
Sarah Cloyce.
April 8, 1692
Warrants are issued for Sarah Cloyce and Giles Corey for
suspicion of witchcraft.
April 11, 1692:
Hathorne and Corwin examine Sarah Cloyce and Elizabeth Proctor. On the same day Elizabeth's husband, John, who protested the examination of his wife, becomes the first man accused of witchcraft and is incarcerated.
April 11, 1692
Sarah Cloyce and Elizabeth Proctor appear before the Salem
Magistrates.
April 11, 1692
John and Elizabeth Proctor,Rebecca Nurse,Sarah Cloyce,Martha
Corey and Dorcas Good are sent to a Boston prison on this night.
Early April, 1692:
The Proctors' servant and accuser, Mary Warren, admits lying and accuses the other accusing girls of lying.
April 13, 1692:
Ann Putnam Jr. accuses Giles Cory of witchcraft and alleges that a man who died at Cory's house also haunts her.
April 19, 1692:
Abigail Hobbs, Bridget Bishop, Giles Cory and Mary Warren are examined. Deliverance Hobbs confesses to practicing witchcraft. Mary Warren reverses her statement made in early April and rejoins the accusers.
April 19, 1692
Mary Warren appears before the Salem Magistrates under
witchcraft charges.
April 21, 1692
Arrest warrants are issued for Mary Easty,Edward and Sarah
Bishop,Deliverance and William Hobbs,Sarah Wilds,Mary
Black,Nehemiah Abbott,Jr. and Mary English.
April 21, 1692
Abigail Williams identifies the Rev. George Burroughs as the
"Black Minister".
April 22, 1692
Mary Easty is found guilty of witchcraft by the Salem Magistrates.
April 22, 1692:
Mary Easty, another of Rebecca Nurse's sisters who defended her, is examined by Hathorne and Corwin. Hathorne and Corwin also examine Nehemiah Abbott, William and Deliverance Hobbs, Edward and Sarah Bishop, Mary Black, Sarah Wildes, and Mary English.
April 30, 1692:
Several girls accuse former Salem minister George Burroughs of witchcraft.
April 30, 1692
Upon the request of the Salem Magistrates, Boston Magistrate Elisha Hutchinson issues a warrant for the Rev.George Burroughs' arrest.
May 2, 1692:
Hathorne and Corwin examine Sarah Morey, Lyndia Dustin, Susannah Martin and Dorcas Hoar.
May 4, 1692:
George Burroughs is arrested in Maine.
May 4, 1692
George Burrough is arrested at his home in Wells, Maine. He is
then extradited to Salem Town.
May 7, 1692:
George Burroughs is returned to Salem and placed in jail.
May 8, 1692
George Burroughs is examined by the Salem Magistrates.
May 9, 1692:
Corwin and Hathorne examine Burroughs and Sarah Churchill. Burroughs is moved to a Boston jail.
May 10, 1692:
Corwin and Hathorne examine George Jacobs, Sr. and his granddaughter Margaret Jacobs. Sarah Osborne dies in prison.
May 10, 1692
Arrest warrants are issued for George Jacobs, Sr. and John Willard
for suspicion of witchcraft.
May 10, 1692
Sarah Good dies in prison.
May 14, 1692:
Increase Mather and Sir William Phipps, the newly elected governor of the colony, arrive in Boston. They bring with them a charter ending the 1684 prohibition of self-governance within the colony.
May 14, 1692
Increase Mather and Massachusetts Royal Gov. Sir William Phips
return to Boston after securing the new colonial character.
May 18, 1692:
Mary Easty is released from prison. Following protest by her accusers, she is again arrested. Roger Toothaker is also arrested on charges of witchcraft.
May 18, 1692
Mary Easty is released from prison.
May 20, 1692
Mercy Lewis becomes gravely ill and Mary Easty is blamed for
her illness. She is arrested again for witchcraft.
May 21, 1692
An arrest warrant is issued for John and Elizabeth Proctor's son,
Benjamin.
May 23, 1692
Susannah Sheldon testifies Joseph Rabson, a deceased man,
appeared to her and stated that Philip English had murdered him.
May 27, 1692:
Phipps issues a commission for a Court of Oyer and Terminer and appoints as judges John Hathorne, Nathaniel Saltonstall, Bartholomew Gedney, Peter Sergeant, Samuel Sewall, Wait Still Winthrop, and Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton.
May 27, 1692
Gov.Phips establishes a Court of Oyer and Terminer to investigate
the allegations of witchcraft. Lieutenant Gov. William Stoughton,
Nathaniel Saltnstall, Bartholomew Gedney, Peter Sergeant, Samuel
Sewall, Wait Still Winthrop, John Richards, John Hathorne and
Jonathan Corwin are its members.
May 28, 1692
An arrest warrant is issued for John and Elizabeth Proctor's second
son, William May 28, 1692 An arrest warrant is issued for John Alden.
May 28, 1692
Martha Carrier is arrested upon complaints of Joseph Holton and
John Walcott.
May 31, 1692:
Hathorne, Corwin and Gednew examine Martha Carrier, John Alden, Wilmott Redd, Elizabeth Howe and Phillip English. English and Alden later escape prison and do not return to Salem until after the trials end.
May 31, 1692
The court examines Philip English, husband of Mary English.
June 1, 1692
Mary English testifies that Mary Warren had confessed to lying in
court.
June 2, 1692:
Bridget Bishop is the first to be tried and convicted of witchcraft. She is sentenced to die.
June 2, 1692
Susannah Seldon reports that the specters of Mary English, Bridget Bishop and Giles Corey appeared to her.
June 2, 1692
Bridget Bishop's trial begins under the court of Oyer and Terminer and she is found guilty. She is sentenced to hang.
June 8, 1692:
Eighteen year old Elizabeth Booth shows symptoms of affliction by witchcraft.
June 10, 1692:
Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill. Following the hanging Nathaniel Saltonstall resigns from the court and is replaced by Corwin.
June 15, 1692:
Cotton Mather writes a letter requesting the court not use spectral evidence as a standard and urging that the trials be speedy. The Court of Oyer and Terminer pays more attention to the request for speed and less attention to the criticism of spectral evidence.
June 15, 1692
Twelve ministers of the colony advise the court not to reply on
spectral evidence for convicting suspected witches.
June 16, 1692:
Roger Toothaker dies in prison.
June 29-30, 1692:
Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Sarah Wildes, Sarah Good, and Elizabeth Howe are tried, pronounced guilty and sentenced to hang.
June 29, 1692
The cases of Sarah Good, Sarah Wilds, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah
Martin and Rebecca Nurse are hanged on Gallows Hill.
July 19, 1692:
Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, Sarah Good and Sarah Wildes are hanged at Gallows Hill.
July 19, 1692
Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Sarah Wilds, Susannah Martin and
Rebecca Nurse are hanged on Gallows Hill.
July 23, 1692
Fearing that they can't get a fair trial in Salem Town, John Proctor
and other prisoners write a letter from prison to the Reverends Increase Mather, James Allen, Joshua Moody, Samuel Willard and John Bayley. In the letter, they ask the ministers to support their request for a change of venue for the trials.
August 2, 1692
William Beale testifies before an Essex County grand jury that
when he was laid up in bed sick in March, Philip English's
specter appeared to him. The next day his son, James-who had been recovering from smallpox- complained of a pain in his side and later died.
August 5, 1692
The Court of Oyer and Terminer reconvenes to try the Rev. George Burroughs, John and Elizabeth Proctor, George Jacobs Sr., John Willard and Martha Carrier.
August 5, 1692:
George Jacobs Sr., Martha Carrier, George Burroughs, John Willard and John and Elizabeth Proctor are pronounced guilty and sentenced to hang.
August 19, 1692:
George Jacobs Sr., Martha Carrier, George Burroughs, John Willard and John Proctor are hanged on Gallows Hill. Elizabeth Proctor is not hanged because she is pregnant.
August 19, 1692
George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacobs Sr., John Willard
and Martha Carrier are hanged on Gallows Hill.
August 20, 1692:
Margaret Jacobs recants the testimony that led to the execution of her grandfather George Jacobs Sr. and Burroughs.
September 9, 1692:
Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Dorcas Hoar and Mary Bradbury are pronounced guilty and sentenced to hang.
September 9, 1692
Six accused are tried and condemned by the court.
September 16, 1692
Giles Corey refuses to stand trial, so the Court of Oyer and
Terminer order the sheriff to pile rocks on him.
Mid-September, 1692:
Giles Cory is indicted.
September 17, 1692
Nine accused are tried and condemned by the court.
September 17, 1692:
Margaret Scott, Wilmott Redd, Samuel Wardwell, Mary Parker, Abigail Faulkner, Rebecca Earnes, Mary Lacy, Ann Foster and Abigail Hobbs are tried and sentenced to hang.
September 19, 1692
Giles Corey is pressed to death.
September 19, 1692:
Sheriffs administer Piene Forte Et Dure (pressing) to Giles Cory after he refuses to enter a plea to the charges of witchcraft against him. After two days under the weight, Cory dies.
September 22, 1692:
Martha Cory, Margaret Scott, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Willmott Redd, Samuel Wardwell, and Mary Parker are hanged. Hoar escapes execution by confessing.
September 22, 1692
Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Margaret
Scott, Wilmot Reed, Samuel Wardwell and Mary Parker are hanged on Gallows Hill.
October 3, 1692:
The Reverend Increase Mather, President of Harvard College and father to Cotton Mather, denounces the use of spectral evidence.
October 8, 1692:
Governor Phipps orders that spectral evidence no longer be admitted in witchcraft trials.
October 29, 1692:
Phipps prohibits further arrests, releases many accused witches, and dissolves the Court of Oyer and Terminer.
October 29, 1692
Gov.Phips dissolves the Court of Oyer and Terminer.
November 25, 1692:
The General Court establishes a Superior Court to try remaining witches.
November 25, 1692
A Superior Court of Judicature is created to try the remaining
persons accused of witchcraft. William Stoughton, Samuel Sewall, John Richards, Wait Still Winthrop and Thomas Danford are its members. Spectral evidence is no longer considered in the remaining trials.
January 3, 1693:
Judge Stoughton orders execution of all suspected witches who were exempted by their pregnancy. Phipps denied enforcement of the order causing Stoughton to leave the bench.
January 1693:
49 of the 52 surviving people brought into court on witchcraft charges are released because their arrests were based on spectral evidence.
1693:
Tituba is released from jail and sold to a new master.
May 1693:
Phipps pardons those still in prison on witchcraft charges.
January 14, 1697:
The General Court orders a day of fasting and soul-searching for the tragedy at Salem. Moved, Samuel Sewall publicly confesses error and guilt.
1697:
Minister Samuel Parris is ousted as minister in Salem and replaced by Joseph Green.
1702:
The General Court declares the 1692 trials unlawful.
1706:
Ann Putnam Jr., one of the leading accusers, publicly apologizes for her actions in 1692.
1711:
The colony passes a legislative bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused of witchcraft and grants 600 pounds in restitution to their heirs.
1712
Jane Wenham of Walkern in Herefordshire was last person convicted of witchcraft in England.
1722
Last execution for witchcraft in Scotland.
1736
Repeal of Statute of James 1 (1604).
1745:
France stopped the execution of Witches.
1745
Last execution for witchcraft in France (of Father Louis Debaraz at Lyons).
1749
The last trial for witchcraft in Germany is carried out at Würzburg.
1752:
Salem Village is renamed Danvers.
1754
Torture is abolished in Prussia.
1775:
Germany stopped the execution of Witches.
1775
Last official execution for witchcraft in Germany (of Anna Maria Schwiigel at Kempten in Bavaria). 1787 All witchcraft laws in Austria were repealed.
1782:
Switzerland stopped the execution of Witches.
1782
Last known execution for witchcraft takes place in Switzerland, in the Protestant canton of Glarus.
1792:
Poland executed the last person in Europe who had been tried and convicted of Witchcraft. A few isolated extra-legal lynchings of Witches continued in Europe and North America into the 20th century.
1807
Torture is abolished in Bavaria.
1822
Torture is abolished in Hanover.
1830's:
The church ceased the execution of Witches in South America.
1875
Birth of Aleister Crowley, occultist who influenced Gerald Gardner.
1885
Birth of Gerald Gardner, founder of Wicca.
1890s
Aleister Crowley joins the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which William Butler Yeats was also a member.
1899
Charles Godfrey Leland publishes Aradia or the Goddess of the Witches.
1910
Crowley meets a leader of German Masonic order called the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), a combination of Masonic rites and the traditions of the Rosicrucians, the Templars, the Illuminists, and Bengali Tantrism. Crowley was soon initiated into the order and progressing through the degrees of the order.
1912
Crowley is named Grand Master of the O.T.O. for Great Britain and Ireland.
1921
Margaret Murray published The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.
1926
Birth of Alexander Sanders, founder of Alexandrian Wicca.
1928
A family of Hungarian peasants were acquitted of beating an old woman to death whom they thought was a witch. The court used as an excuse the argument that the family acted out of "irresistible compulsion."
1929
Margaret Murray published her article “Witchcraft” in the 14th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.
1939
The O.T.O. in Germany is effectively dissolved by the Nazis.
1939
Gardner joins the Folklore Society and presents a paper on witchcraft.
1939
The year Gerald Gardner claims he was initiated into a witch cult called the New Forest Coven, led by Dorothy Clutterbuck.
1940
Zsuzsanna Budapest, feminist writer and leader of Dianic Wicca, is born on January 30.
1940s
Gardner joins the nudist group The Fiveacres Country Club.
1946
Gardner begins work on High Magic's Aid, a fictional novel partially based on those of his Southern Coven. The witches of his coven opposed making their rituals public, which is why it was presented as fiction and filled out with rituals from other sources.
1947
Gardner and Edith Woodford-Grimes start a company called Ancient Crafts Ltd.
1947
Gardner meets Crowley at Crowley's home in Hastings for the first time on May 1, and visits him again several times during May.
1947
Gardner becomes a member of the O.T.O. in May and is authorized by Crowley to found an O.T.O. encampment and initiate new members.
1947
Crowley dies on December 1.
1947
On December 27, Gardner writes a letter claiming to have been designated as successor to Crowley as leader of the O.T.O. Karl Germer assumed leadership instead, and held it until his death in 1962.
1949
Gerald Gardner publishes High Magic's Aid under the pseudonym Scire.
1950
Gardner begins distancing himself from Crowley and the O.T.O. in favor of Wicca.
1950
Gardner states in a letter that Crowley had participated in the witch cult but left in disgust due to the leadership of the High Priestess and the nudity.
1951
Gardner founds the "Northern Coven" in London and holds a small rite at his home near the British Museum on May Eve.
1953
Doreen Valiente is initated by Gardner, and soon became High Priestess.
1954
Gardner publishes Witchcraft Today, an event which many regard as the founding of Wicca.
1957:
Massachusetts formally apologizes for the events of 1692.
1959
Gardner publishes The Meaning of Witchcraft, in which he first uses the term "Wica."
1963-64
Gardner winters in Lebanon to help his failing health.
1964
Gardner dies of heart failure on the SS Scottish Prince in the Mediterranean. His body is buried at the next port of call, Tunis.
1976
A poor woman in Germany was suspect of keeping dogs as familiars (devil's agents). Neighbors ostracized her, threw rocks at her, threatened to beat her to death, and finally burned down her house, badly burning her and killing all the animals.
1977
In France, a mob killed an old man suspected of sorcery.
1980:
Dr. Lawrence Pazder (1936 - 2004) and Michelle Smith wrote "Michelle Remembers." The concept of humans in league with Satan, which had been largely dormant for decades, was revived. Although the book has been shown to be a work of fiction, it is presented as factual, based on Michelle's recovered memories. 6 This book was largely responsible for triggering a new Witch/Satanist panic in the U.S. and Canada
1980 to 1995:
Two types of trials were held in North America, which repeated many of the same features of earlier Witch trials:
Staff at some pre-schools, day care facilities and Sunday schools were accused of ritual abuse of children. Evidence was based on faulty medical diagnoses and
Tens of thousands of adults, victimized by Recovered Memory Therapy, developed false memories of having been abused during childhood. In about 17% of the cases, these memories escalated to recollections of Satanic Ritual Abuse. Hundreds of parents were charged with criminal acts. Almost all of them were innocent. Most of the charges involved acts that never actually happened.
Sanity has since prevailed. Most of the accused have been released from jail. Those held in the state of Massachusetts are an exception.
1981
A mob in Mexico stoned to death a woman suspected of witchcraft.
1989
Valiente publishes The Rebirth of Witchcraft, a first-hand account of the history and development of Wicca.
1990's:
Some conservative Christian pastors continue to link two unrelated belief systems:
The imaginary religion of Satan-worshiping Witches promoted by the Church during the Renaissance, and
Wicca and other Neopagan religions which are nature-based faiths and which do not recognize the existence of the Christian devil.
1991
Aiden A. Kelly publishes Crafting the Art of Magic, Book I, which aims to show that Gardner's Book of Shadows could be entirely traced to earlier sources.
1994 to 1996:
Several hundred people were accused of witchcraft in the Northern Province of South Africa, and were lynched by frightened mobs. 8
1999:
Conservative Christian pastors occasionally call for a renewal of the burning times, to exterminate Wiccans and other Neopagans. One example shows the intensity of misinformation and hatred that fear of Witches can continue to generate in modern times. In 1999-AUG, Rev. Jack Harvey, pastor of Tabernacle Independent Baptist Church in Killeen, TX allegedly arranged for at least one member of his church to carry a handgun during religious services, "in case a warlock tries to grab one of our kids...I've heard they drink blood, eat babies. They have fires, they probably cook them..." During speeches which preceded his church's demonstration against Wiccans, Rev. Harvey allegedly stated that the U.S. Army should napalm Witches. One of the Christian's signs read "Witchcraft is an abomination" on one side and "Burn the witches off Ft. Hood" on the other. 9 (Ft. Hood is a large army base near Killeen TX. A Wiccan faith group is active there.)
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